Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis

Green Solvent for Synthesis and Catalysis Adnan S/OAbdul Qayyum Title Green Solvent for synthesis and catalysis: Room Temperature Ionic Liquids. Abstract This proposal describes a research project to synthesis the ionic liquids; the alternative green, non-volatile solvent to harmful volatile organic solvent and chemical industries in the future. The ionic liquids, whose properties can be predicted before their synthesis. The already known properties enable to gain required result for different applications. This has versatile the range of applications of Ionic’s liquids. The properties of I.Ls are affected by a no. of factors such as lattice energy, electrostatic potential between cation and anion, charges of ions, separation between the charges, symmetry hydrophobicity. Currently scientists are working not only on synthesis of new ionic liquids but also elevating their applications in different fields including solar cells, lubricants, green organic solvents etc. Because of significant properties attributed to these new classes of compounds, which have been classified as new compounds only a decade ago, we started studies tow ards the synthesis of ionic liquids. We attempted to prepare different types of ionic liquids. i) Imidazole based ionic liquids ii) Caffeine based ionic liquids. Introduction â€Å"The term ionic liquid implies a material that is fluid at (or close to) ambient temperature, is colorless, has a low viscosity and is easily handled.† (Sheldon) â€Å"Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1,3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations.† (Sheldon) â€Å"Most basic definition of a room temperature ionic liquid is a salt that has a melting point at or near room temperature.† (Handy) â€Å"Organic salts with melting points below ambient or reaction temperature.† (Maio) â€Å"Ionic liquid is a salt with a melting temperature below the boiling point of water.† (Wilkes) Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually ~100ËÅ ¡C) The properties of the ionic liquids are mentioned below. Problem or Need In this knowledge era, science has changed our world by discovering new methods to be the beneficial for human being but simultaneously it also pollutes our environment. Therefore these methods and chemicals have also become somehow harmful to the human beings. So this is how, these chemicals, which polluting our environment have become a problem for the common people. Organic solvents are widely used in the laboratory and industries, which are volatile and used in huge amounts, i.e. Solvents are the most damaging chemicals. That is why, our research project is about finding some green alternative to the most damaging solvents. The new alternative solvent will be non-volatile, less toxic, biodegradable, air and moisture stable and economically viable to large scale process. Objectives and Expected Significance: We have prepared project to give alternative solution to above mention problems. After synthesizing the green non-volatile, non-toxic solvent, the pollution could be reduced to great extent. Not only this, ionic liquid may have a lot of benefits and may be used as in batteries, propellants, lubricant, storage media for toxic gases, performance additives in pigments and many more. Methodology 6.1. Imidazole based ionic liquids. Room temperature ionic liquids are generally salts of organic cations, e.g. tetraalkylammonium, tetraalkylphosphonium, N-alkylpyridinium, 1, 3-dialkylimidazolium and trialkylsulfoniumcations. Imidazole has a unique property to stabilization a positive charge on nitrogen that’s why we use it as a substrate. Two nitrogens in imidazole stabilize quaternary nitrogen charge therefore the weaker the charge so it form ionic liquid which is liquid in room temperature. General reaction of imidazole based ionic liquid is 6.2. Caffeine based ionic liquids Caffeine has been chosen due analogy of its structure with imidazole. Since five membered-ring that is fused with a six membered ring possessing amide and imide moieties, must behave like imidazole which has extensively been used in the synthesis of ionic liquids. For this reaction, first we prepared alkyl caffenium halides by treated of caffeine with different alkyl halide (i.e. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide and hexyl bromide) and taken tetrahydrofuran as a solvent, alkyl caffenium halide is obtained as a white crystals. We also tried to prepared caffeine based ILs due to its similar analogy structure with imidazole. Caffeine is relatively less expensive and is easily available in abundance. ILs become cheaper and its applications enhanced due to the use of caffeine. It is reported in literature that Nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds are used to generate stable carbenes, which were then used to carry out different reactions. One of such reaction is benzoin condensation that may be carried out using carbenes. Properties of Ionic Liquids The properties of ionic liquid differ by the different combinations of cation and anion for particular applications. Some of the important properties of ionic liquids are: melting point, vapour pressure thermal stability, viscosity, high heat capacity. Due to these properties ionic liquids are widely applicable, as shown in figure 2. Melting Point Ionic liquids are defined as molten salt composed entirely of ions without any neutral molecules and having low melting point (usually ~100ËÅ ¡C). The chemical and structural composition of an ionic liquid (molten salt) depends upon its melting point. Lowering of melting point is due to the low symmetry of cation and weak intermolecular bonding. By keeping the cation constant we can also use different anions which can affect the melting point. The melting point decreases with increase in the size of anion. [3] Vapour Pressure and Thermal Stability Ionic liquid have no measureable vapour pressure due to this property it can easily separated from reaction mixture by distillation. The thermal stability of an ionic liquid is directly related to the strength of the heteroatom-carbon and heteroatom-hydrogen bonds. Ionic liquids formed from either protonation of amines or phosphanes show significantly restricted thermal stability. [3] Density There is a linear relationship between the density and the N-alkyl chain of cation. The density decreased as the N-alkyl chain increased. [3] Viscosity Ionic liquids are generally more viscous then the classical organic solvents. Cation shows some effect on the viscosity of the ionic liquid. Lower viscosities tend to be a result of small side chains that have sufficient mobility. As side chain increases due to vander waal forces viscosity increases. Temperature is another factor which affects the viscosity of ionic liquid. As temperature increases viscosity decreases. [3] Solubility Characteristics By changing the combination of cations and anions we can tune the solubility of ionic liquid. The solubility of ionic liquid can also depends upon the nature of R group. By increasing the length of alkyl chain the hydrophobicity of the cation increases, as the result its water solubility decreases. [6] Solvent Properties The most common classification used to describe a solvent is polarity of that solvent. Ionic liquids are considered as polar solvent by nature because they can dissolve and stabilize dipolar or charged solutes. [3] They have tendency to dissolve many different many other materials such as organic, inorganic and organometallic materials. [1] Table1: Comparison of ionic liquids with organic solvents. [5] Scope of Ionic liquids Ionic liquids are attractive, useful, advanced solvents that are a sight of attention by the renowned chemists for its unique and distinct properties. Its tunable components provide a wide range of successful and desire products. Figure2.IL publications (on May 27, 2009) determined from the ISI Web of Science in the last fourteen years. This is the main reason it is getting huge importance in the field of chemistry now a days. No doubt the immense research work in the field of green chemistry has been an attractive sight for the last few years. [5]By the passage of time many new cations and anions have been reported. The common cations and anions are given below Common Anions: BF4; B(CN)4; CH2CHBF3; CF3BF3; C2F5BF3; nC3H7BF3; nC4H9BF3; PF6; CF3CO2; CF3SO3; N(SO2CF3)2; N(COCF3)(SO2CF3); N(SO2F)2; N(CN)2;C(CN)3; SCN; SeCN; CuCl2; AlCl4; OH Common Cations: Timeline As soon as this project is funded, we import chemicals in first two months while start synthesizing with the available chemicals. Within a one year Insha’Allah, we will complete synthesis about 50 ionic liquids and also check their applications. Evaluation The evaluation will be conducted by PCSIR and HEJ Research institute. This evaluation will be done under the direction of Dr. Nasir-Uddin who has much experience as a professional program evaluator. He had also done the evaluation of several large-scale governmentally funded projects. All chemists already have the experience on this research topic. Every experiment will be done under the supervision of Dr. Imran Ali Hashmi, Ph. D from German on synthetic chemistry. Reference Literature Cited A review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applications SedaKeskin, DefneKayrak-Talay, UgËËÅ"urAkmanâˆâ€", O ¨ nerHortac ¸su Department of Chemical Engineering, BoËËÅ"gazià ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ci University, Bebek 34342, Ëâ„ ¢Istanbul, Turkey Received 2 August 2006; received in revised form 8 May 2007; accepted 29 May 2007 Green chemistry ionic liquid Useful reaction solvents (TCI) Physical Properties of Alcohol Based Deep Eutectic Solvents Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Christopher Harris, University of Leicester, 2008 Paradigm Confirmed: The First Use of ionic Liquids to Dramatically Influence the Outcome of Chemical Reactions Organic letters, 2004, Vol. 6, no.5, 707-710 Review on the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic Liquids SubbiahSowmiah, VenkatesanSrinivasadesikan, Ming-Chung Tseng and Yen-Ho Chu * Molecules 2009, 14, 3780-3813; doi: 10.3390/molecules14093780 Ionic liquids: Innovative fluids for chemical processing AIChE Journal Volume 47, Issue 11, pages 2384–2389, November 2001 Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis Chem. Rev. 1999, 99, 2071-2083 ACTA UniversitatisOuluensis, Johanna Kà ¤rkkà ¤inen Preparation and characterization of some ionic liquids and their use in the dimerization reaction of 2-methylpropene The Design of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for the Preparation of Functional Materials Journal of Macromolecular Science R _, Part C: Polymer Reviews, 49:339–360, 2009 Ionic Liquids: Current developments, potential and drawbacks for industrial applications LenzingerBerichte, 84 (2005) 71-85 Recent developments of task-specific ionic liquids in organic synthesis Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews Vol. 4, No. 1, March 2011, 41_54 Task-Specific Ionic Liquids James H. Davis, Jr. Chemistry Letters Vol.33, No.9 (2004) Wohler, F. Liebig. J. Ann. Pharm. 1832, 3, 249-282 Lapworth, A. J. J. Chem. Soc. 1903, 83, 995-1005 Van DenBerg, H. J. J. Mol. Cat. 1943, 51, 1-12 Suzuki et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 8432-8433 Budget 1 | Page

The Church of Latter-Day Saints: Mormonism

The topic of my research paper is the Mormon religion. Particularly the original form of the religion as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. With this paper I will answer the following questions as to where did the religion started, who were/are the main leaders and places of worship for the religion, are there any divisions or sects that are associated with the religion, how has the religion changed over time, and what does the future hold for this religion? To find my answers I searched many online articles, books, and magazine articles.I found that the Mormon religion is a lot more complex than I believe many people think it is and there are many misconceptions made about the religion. Mormonism is not only a religion but a way of life for the people that call themselves LDS (Latter Day Saints). The religion was founded by Joseph Smith Jr. and has devout followers worldwide. â€Å"Mormonism, is the pure doctrine of Jesus Christ; of which I myself am not ashamed. â₠¬  This quote by Joseph Smith summarizes how true and pure the follows of this religion believe it is.With this paper I will give a brief history of the Mormon religion and try to address key issues and topics surrounding this controversial religion. Joseph Smith established the Mormon religion in 1830 after a vision from God. He said that while praying in the woods God came to him in a vision and instructed him to start a new true religion. When God appeared, Joseph asked him what was the right religion to follow. â€Å"The Lord answered that he must join â€Å"none of them, for they were all wrong† and â€Å"all their creeds were an abomination in his sight. He said that they had a â€Å"form of godliness,† but they denied â€Å"the power thereof† (Ingleton,2005). With this new found understanding and the power of God’s words Joseph started The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The church was founded with just six followers to start; many of which were Joseph’s family members. (Ingleton, 2005) Three years after the First Vision, God sent Joseph a messenger to instruct him. The messenger, Moroni told Joseph of gold tablets that had the word of the Lord, the everlasting gospel written on them they were buried in the hills.Joseph found the templates and began translating them. The finished product would be known as the Book of Mormon. (Joseph Smith, Jr. Wikipedia) Joseph used the Book of Mormon as a secondary Bible. He still believed the words of the Bible but this was what came after the times described in the Bible. He did believe although that this was a better version of the Bible from God. He states, â€Å"I told the brethren that the Book of Mormon was the most correct of any book on earth, and the keystone of our religion, and a man would get nearer to God by abiding by its precepts, than by any other book. (McConkie, 1959) He began to preach to people using the Book of Mormon as his basis. Many were not happy with Joseph’s ideas and they drove him and his people out of the east. Joseph claimed the only place the Mormon faith would survive is in the mountains. He said he had a vision of a place they would call Zion and he would lead his people there. With his teachings he drew the attention of a man named Brigham Young. Brigham Young studied the Book of Mormon for two years before he was convinced that this was the one true book and religion.Therefore, after Joseph Smith died Brigham felt compeled to carry out the vision of Joseph Smith. Young was the one who lead the people to find the Zion in what is now Salt Lake City, UT in search of religious freedom. This is where the Mormon religion has been based since July, 1859 when the settlers petitioned for statehood. (Joseph Smith Jr. Wikipedia) Joseph Smith had visions of a Holy Temple that would be built at the Zion where his people could worship without religious persecution and God had commanded he build the House of God. Fo ur days after entering the Salt Lake Valley on 24 July 1847, Brigham Young designated where the temple would be built, and on 6 April 1853, he laid the cornerstone of the temple foundation.That event marked the beginning of a long construction process. Work on the temple stretched from years to decades until finally, 40 years after it was begun, the temple was completed and dedicated on 6 April 1893† (Abanes, 2003). The Church now has many temples, or Houses of God. The Latter Day Saints view building these temples as the fulfillment of the prophecy found in Malachi 3:1. Abanes, 2003) â€Å"As of Dec 2008, there are 129 Temples in operation, 9 temples under construction, and an additional 8 temples announced for construction in the near future. These figures give a grand total of 146 Temples that will be or are in operation in the near future† (Abanes, 2003). The temples differ from the church meeting houses that are used for weekly worship. They are only used for speci al occasions such as endowment ceremonies and marriages to be sealed. A weekly meeting house or church can be found every few blocks. There is one church or meetinghouse for every ward.A ward consists of 200 to 500 active church members that live within a reasonable distance from the meetinghouse (Abanes, 2003). The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS) is technically considered a type of Christian religion. Mainly this is because they believe in God and his son Jesus Christ. Beyond that their beliefs differ and the LDS follow different religious leaders. There are many prophets of God, such as Joseph Smith that the church looks to for guidance. These prophets also serve as Presidents of the Church and direct the affairs of the Church.There have been sixteen church Presidents since the beginning of the LDS Church. There isn’t a term to their presidency and many remain President until their death. The current President is Thomas S. Monson and he has served as the C hurch President since 2008 (Mormonism, Wikipedia). There are many sects associated with the original Church of Christ of Latter-day Saints. Before migrating to the Utah Valley the church split into a few different groups because they didn’t believe in some of Joseph Smith’s practices such as plural marriage. The largest of these, the Community of Christ (originally known as the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), was formed in Illinois in 1860 by several groups uniting around Smith's son, Joseph Smith III.Most denominations existing today that follow the teachings of Joseph Smith, Jr. have some historical relationship with the movement. † There were five main denominations of the LDS Church which include, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. But none of these have caused quite the stir as the most recent denomination that split from the Church of Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1935. FLDS, Wikipedia) The split occurred largely bec ause of the LDS Church's renunciation of polygamy and its decision to excommunicate practitioners of plural marriage, who would not discontinue the practice. The current headquarters can be found in Eldorado, Texas where the FLDS Church built their temple. The FLDS have been in the news in recent years surrounding the controversy of the polygamy practiced by their members. Not only were they marrying multiple women but they would marry women that were under age.The youngest bride of the leader of the FLDS was just 14 years old. As you can imagine, this caused many people to look upon the Mormon faith in a negative way. Polygamy is no longer practiced within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or its other sects. The only group to follow this way of teaching that stems from Joseph Smith are the FLDS. (FLDS, Wikipedia) This is just one of the changes that have taken place over time within this religion. The LDS religion as we know it today is very widespread due to the inc reasingly large numbers of missionaries.Every boy at the age of eighteen is encouraged to go on a mission trip for two years. This makes up a large portion of the missionaries. Also now that there are temples it is favorable of the LDS member to be married and sealed together in the temple. Tithing is a big part of the Church as well. You are to give one-tenth of the money you earn to the church to help build up the church and spread the Lord’s word (Oakes,1994). The changes that have taken place in the church are all for the benefit of a growing religious community. The future of this religion looks bright.On the cover of the November, 2007 issue of US News & World Report was an article about the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and the growing popularity of the Mormon religion. One of the article’s main points is the remarkable growth of the Utah-based religion, and the interesting observation that the emergence of Mormonism represents the first world-wide invention of a new religion since the prophet Mohamed gave the world Islam. Among the article’s more remarkable statements is a prediction about the growth in Church membership.It says: â€Å"If current trends hold, experts say Latter-day Saints could number 265 million worldwide by 2080, second only to Roman Catholics among Christian bodies. Mormonism, says Rodney Stark, professor of sociology and religion at the University of Washington, â€Å"stands on the threshold of becoming the first major faith to appear on Earth since the prophet Mohammed rode out of the desert† (Sheler, 2007). With this prediction I feel it is safe to say that this may become one of world religions that students in the future will study more closely in their World Religion classes.

College essay topics to write about Herfindahl-Hirschman Index - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1097 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Question: The Herfindahl Index coefficient and Gini coefficient are tools used in the analysis of industry concentration. Giving examples, assess their respective contribution to our understanding of industry structure. A numerical approach to understanding economic structures has been the basis for the development of the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index and Gini coefficient. The concentration and industry structure are easily conceivable from a combination of these two indexes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "College essay topics to write about Herfindahl-Hirschman Index" essay for you Create order The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index measures the size of the top 50 firms in the industry relative to the market. This comparison is in the form of a sum of the squares of their market shares. The primary basis behind the index is to understand the existing market structure based on the relative market shares of the top 50 (or all, if less than 50) firms. The coefficient will tend to be very high in case there is an oligopolistic market structure in which a small proportion of the firms will be holding large market shares. However, if the market is such that the top 50 firms have small and roughly equal market shares, the coefficient will be very low. The difference between the two market structures is easily understandable by looking at the value of the coefficient. An oligopolistic market will generally have an H-H index of above 1800. This would mean that the market is concentrated and the top 50 firms have a significant majority share of the market. An industry with an H-H index of between 1,000 and 1,800 is assumed to be moderately concentrated i.e. there is a fair degree of distribution of market share with a few firms standing out slightly above the others. A market with just one firm serving the entire market (monopoly) will have an index value of 10,000. The minimum index value is of course close to zero assuming a perfect competitive market. The differences in these index values explain a lot about the industry and are often used to estimate the division of wealth between firms. The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index of the automobile industry in the U.S. is in between 1,800 and 10,000. This is because of the fact that the industry has a lot of large players with significant market shares. However, the use of the Gini coefficient is more pertinent in measuring the distribution of wealth between firms in an industry. The division of the US automobile industry is also supported by the Gini coefficient. Intuitively, the Gini coefficient is a measure of the r elative dispersion of wealth in an industry. It measures the level of inequality of distribution of wealth in an industry. A Gini coefficient of 0 signifies perfect equality of wealth meaning that all firms in the industry have equal wealth. However, a perfect inequality of wealth is denoted by a Gini coefficient of 1. While theoretically it is impossible to have industries with Ginis of 0 and 1, the extent to which they are close to either of these benchmarks denotes the concentration of the industry. The US automobile sector has a Gini well above 0.5 denoting that the industry is concentrated and there is significant inequality of wealth amassed by the automobile firms. The combinatory use of the two indexes gives a clearer picture of the degree to which different firms have a share of the market and the extent of income equality (or inequality) relative to a perfect equality of wealth distribution. Question: In the market for air travel, why might a high degree of price discrimination lead to an improvement in both allocative and technical efficiency, and yet a reduction in consumer surplus? A high degree of price discrimination in the airline industry results in an increase in the producer surplus. This is because of the fact that a producer is able to capitalize on the prices that the consumer is willing to pay instead of the equilibrium price for the market lying above the equilibrium. is price methodology would raise allocative efficiency because the airlines will be using the appropriate consumption bundle on the consumers indifference curve. This would lead to maximizing utility in terms of each individual using the airlines service; Instead of maximizing output for the airline, it would mean reaching the optimum production level. The phenomenon of discriminatory pricing is also known as labelled as perfect price discrimination because of the fact that it matches a perfect competition market also completely. The optimum quantity for the airline would form the isoquant line while the budget line for the production would be denoted by the isocost line. The pr ice discrimination strategy would mean that the budget line would meet the optimum production quantity i.e. the isocost would equal the isoquant. This would denote the optimum quantity which would however reduce the consumer surplus instead of raising it. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that the supply curve in this strategy would change for each consumer. The supply curve will be higher or lower for each consumer depending on the price discrimination level; they would be matching the customers characteristics. Thus, this would result in an increase in the producer surplus at the expense of the consumer surplus. While the total surplus would remain unchanged, a portion of the consumer surplus would be converted to the producer surplus. This is the basic reason for a decrease in the consumer surplus even though technical and allocative efficiency may be rising. The technical efficiency would rise because of the price discrimination strategy: the output of the airli ne would increase even though the inputs would remain the same. This increase in technical efficiency is complemented by allocative efficiency. The rise in allocative efficiency can be explained by the fact that the consumers measure of the utility of the airlines service would increase. The price discrimination strategy would enable the airline to charge different prices to each consumer based on their utility. Since the prices would be matching the utility of the customer, the net utility derived from producing the optimum quantity (where isocost would equal isoquants). The following graph displays this phenomenon: Thus, it is possible for an airline to improve allocative and technical efficiency using a price discrimination strategy and at the same time experience decreasing consumer surplus. Bibliography Cleaver T, 2004, Economics: The Basics, Routledge. Brittanica, 1994, Isocosts and Isoquants, Accessed May 16, 2010 from: https://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/42/142-004-2E61196E.gif Jones, Chris, 2009, Financial economics. London: Routledge. Just, R.; Hueth, D. Schmitz, A. 2002, Applied Welfare Economics and Public Policy, Prentice Hall. Krugman P, 2000, The return of depression Economics, W. W. Norton and Company. Mankiw N.G., 2010, Macroeconomics, Palgrave Macmillan. Riddell, Tom Shackelford, Jean A., 2007, Economics: a tool for critically understanding society, Addison Wesely.

Qualitative Analysis Lab - 2937 Words

Qualitative Analysis Lab Report Organic Chemistry Laboratory II ABSTRACT: The purpose of this lab was to separate and purify two unknown compounds, one solid and one liquid, from an ethereal solution using the techniques of chemically active extraction, vacuum filtration, simple distillation, and recrystallization. Then identifying information was compiled about these unknowns by obtaining experimental melting/boiling point ranges, and analyzing IR and proton/carbon NMR spectrums It was determined that the unknown solid’s identity was m-nitrobenzoic acid and the unknown liquid’s identity was 4,4-dimethyl-2-pentanone. The calculated percent recovery for the purified crystals was 20.75% INTRODUCTION: 2 The goal of this lab was to isolate†¦show more content†¦Vacuum filtration is able to separate the solid from the liquid. For a diagram of the set up of vacuum filtration see the figure below: Figure #2: The set up for a vacuum filtration apparatus.5 The liquid unknown can be purified through the technique of simple distillation. Simple distillation is used to purify a compound that is almost pure already. It takes advantage of the fact that liquids have varying boiling points, and in this lab can be used to evaporate off the organic solvent (which has a very low boiling point) that was still in the organic layer with the neutral component, leaving the neutral component by itself. In simple distillation vapor rises from the distillation flask and comes into contact with a thermometer that records its temperature and gives a starting point for the liquids boiling point range. The vapor passes through a condenser, which turns it back into a liquid and it is collected in the receiving flask. To see a diagram of a simple distillation apparatus set up see the figure below: Figure #3: The set up for a simple distillation apparatus.3 The next techniques in this lab were identification tactics to determine the identities of these purified, unknown compounds. One was already mentioned, which is recording the boiling point range of the unknown liquid. This range can be compared with literature values to confirm the identity of the unknowns once otherShow MoreRelatedHeat Treatment and Qualitative Metallographic Analysis Lab3255 Words   |  14 PagesHeat Treatment and Qualitative Metallographic Analysis Lab ME 3228: Mechanics Materials Laboratory Summary Comparing a materials initial treatment and the microstructures that are formed from different processes, an engineer can accurately understand why certain treated materials of the same family can be stronger than another. 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